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PART 6 - GENERAL 12. 13. 14. 15. SCHEDULE Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020 PRESUMPTION OF DEATH (ANNA EVANS) LAW, 2020 (Law 23 of 2020) A LAW TO PROVIDE FOR THE CIVIL STATUS OF A MISSING PERSON WHERE THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PERSON'S ABSENCE LEADS TO A PRESUMPTION OF DEATH; AND FOR INCIDENTAL AND CONNECTED PURPOSES ENACTED by the Legislature of the Cayman Islands. PART 1 - PRELIMINARY\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_1\", \"num\": \"1.\", \"text\": \"Short title and commencement 1. (1) This Law may be cited as the Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020. (2) This Law shall come into force on such date as may be appointed by Order made by the Cabinet and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Law and in relation to different matters.\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_2\", \"num\": \"2.\", \"text\": \"Interpretation 2. In this Law \u2014 \u201capplicant\u201d means a person who applies for a presumption of death order under section 4(1); \u201ccourt\u201d shall be construed in accordance with section 10; \u201cmissing person\u201d means an individual whose existence has become uncertain; (Law 23 of 2020) I Assent, Martyn Roper Governor Date: 25th day of May, 2020 Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020 \u201cpresumption of death order\u201d means an order made under section 4; \u201cRegistrar-General\u201d means the person appointed to that office under section 4 of the Births and Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision); \u201cRegistry\u201d means the Registry of Births and Deaths established by section 3 of the Births and Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision); \u201cRules of Court\u201d means the Rules of Court made under section 19 of the Grand Court Law (2015 Revision) and under section 14 of this Law; \u201cspouse\u201d means a man who is married to a woman and vice versa; \u201ctrustee\u201d includes an executor, administrator or personal representative; and \u201cvariation order\u201d means an order made under section 6. PART 2 \u2013 PRESUMPTION OF DEATH ORDER\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_3\", \"num\": \"3.\", \"text\": \"Persons who may apply for presumption of death order 3. Any of the following persons may apply for a presumption of death order \u2014 (a) the spouse of the missing person; (b) any other family member of the missing person, including a child, grandchild, parent, grandparent, brother, sister, half-brother, half-sister, uncle, aunt, nephew or niece of the missing person; (c) a person who is acting in loco parentis to the missing person; (d) a dependant of the missing person; or (e) any other person the court considers to have a sufficient interest in the determination of the application, including, where relevant, the Attorney General or other person acting on behalf of the Government.\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_4\", \"num\": \"4.\", \"text\": \"Presumption of death order in respect of missing person 4. (1) An applicant may, subject to the conditions in this section, apply for a presumption of death order in respect of a missing person. (2) An application for a presumption of death order shall be accompanied by an affidavit by the applicant which shall contain the following information \u2014 (a) specific evidence tending to indicate that the missing person is dead, including \u2014 (i) the circumstances surrounding the disappearance of the missing person; (ii) absence of communication with persons who would be likely to hear from the missing person, including last known correspondence or communication; and (iii) the length of time since the disappearance; Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020 (b) the date on which the missing person was last heard from by any person; (c) evidence of advertising for information concerning the whereabouts of the missing person, including where relevant, evidence of using the internet and social media to obtain such information, unless there are exceptional reasons for not doing so, explained by the applicant; (d) where relevant and practicable, evidence from a search organisation that confirms that attempts were made to locate the missing person but were fruitless; (e) the full background relating to the disappearance of the missing person, including the missing person\u2019s age and physical and mental health; (f) where relevant and practicable, evidence of corroboration from a family member of the missing person (if the applicant is not a family member); (g) where relevant, the next-of-kin entitled to distribution of the assets of the missing person on the death of the missing person; and (h) a declaration by the applicant of the applicant\u2019s belief that the missing person is dead. (3) A presumption of death order may be made by the court where the court is satisfied that \u2014 (a) the missing person has not been known to be alive for a period of at least seven years; or (b) in respect of the missing person, the circumstances of the person having gone missing indicate that the person\u2019s death is \u2014 (i) virtually certain; or (ii) highly probable. (4) In determining whether a presumption of death order is to be made under this section, the court shall take into account all the circumstances surrounding the disappearance and absence of the missing person, including the following \u2014 (a) the time, location, and circumstances of the disappearance; (b) where relevant, the abandonment of valuable property; (c) where relevant and practicable, the extent and nature of postdisappearance searches; (d) the presence or absence of a motive for the missing person to remain alive but disappear; (e) where relevant, evidence suggesting that the disappearance was a consequence of foul play; (f) where relevant, the time between a life assurance policy being obtained on the life of the missing person and the missing person\u2019s disappearance; and (g) where relevant, any prior history of fraud involving the missing person. Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020 (5) Without prejudice to the rebuttable presumption in subsection (6), and subject to the requirements of this section, an application for a presumption of death order may be made \u2014 (a) where the application is to the effect that where, by reason of absence from the Islands or otherwise, it remains uncertain for a period of at least seven years as to whether a missing person is alive; (b) where the application is to the effect that death is virtually certain, at any time after a person has gone missing and such application shall not be subject to a minimum waiting period; or (c) where the application is to the effect that death is highly probable, no earlier than one year after the person has gone missing. (6) Where, by reason of absence from the Islands or otherwise, it remains uncertain for a period of at least seven years as to whether a missing person is alive, it shall continue to be presumed that the person is dead. (7) Where the court makes a presumption of death order and is satisfied that the missing person has died on a specific date, the presumption of death order shall include a finding as to the date and time of death. (8) Where the court makes a presumption of death order but is uncertain when, within any period of time, the missing person died, the presumption of death order shall provide that the missing person died at the end of that period. (9) Where the court makes a presumption of death order and is satisfied that the missing person has not been known to be alive for a period of at least seven years, the presumption of death order shall include a finding that the missing person died at the end of the day occurring seven years after the date on which the missing person was last known to be alive. (10) An applicant may \u2014 (a) in the case of proceedings determined by the summary court, appeal to the Grand Court; and (b) in the case of proceedings determined by the Grand Court, appeal to the Court of Appeal, in accordance with Rules of Court against a presumption of death order within twenty-one days after the making of the order or such longer period as may be provided by Rules of Court. (11) Subsections (7), (8) and (9) and section 5 shall apply only if \u2014 (a) there has been no appeal against the presumption of death order and the period for bringing an appeal has ended; or (b) there has been an appeal against the presumption of death order and the appeal, and any further appeal, has been unsuccessful. (12) For the purposes of subsection (11), an appeal has been unsuccessful if \u2014 Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020 (a) it has been dismissed or withdrawn; and (b) any period for bringing a further appeal has ended.\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_5\", \"num\": \"5.\", \"text\": \"General effects of presumption of death order 5. (1) Subject to section 4(11), a presumption of death order has the same effect in law as arises from the registration of a death under the Births and Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision). (2) A presumption of death order has the effect of ending a marriage to which the missing person is a party. (3) A presumption of death order is effective against all persons and for all purposes, including for the purposes of the acquisition of an interest in any property. PART 3 \u2013 VARIATION ORDER\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_6\", \"num\": \"6.\", \"text\": \"Persons who may apply for a variation order and consequences of return of missing person 6. (1) The following persons may apply to the Grand Court for a variation order, revoking or varying the effects of a presumption of death order \u2014 (a) a missing person in respect of whom a presumption of death order has been made; or (b) an applicant. (2) Subject to this section \u2014 (a) a variation order shall not have any effect on rights to, or in, any property acquired as a result of a presumption of death order; and (b) a variation order shall not revive a marriage that was brought to an end by virtue of a presumption of death order. (3) The Grand Court shall, when making a variation order, make such further order, if any, in relation to any rights to, or in, any property acquired as a result of a presumption of death order as it considers reasonable in all the circumstances. (4) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (3) \u2014 (a) a variation order shall have no effect on any income accrued between the time of the making of a presumption of death order and the variation order; and (b) where a third party acquires rights to, or in, the property of the missing person, in good faith and for value, the missing person who has returned may not bring a claim for the property against the third party. (5) Subject to subsection (6) and except as otherwise required by subsection (2) \u2014 Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020 (a) where a variation order varies a presumption of death order, section 5 shall have effect in relation to the presumption of death order as varied by the variation order; and (b) where a variation order revokes a presumption of death order, section 5 shall cease to have effect in relation to the presumption of death order. (6) An applicant or the missing person who has returned may appeal to the Court of Appeal in accordance with the Rules of Court against a variation order within twenty-one days after the grant of the variation order or such longer period as may be provided by the Rules of Court and subsection (5) shall apply only if \u2014 (a) there has been no appeal against the variation order and the period for bringing an appeal has ended; or (b) there has been an appeal against the variation order and the appeal, and any further appeal, has been unsuccessful. (7) Notwithstanding section 5(2), where a presumption of death order has been made in respect of a missing person who was in a marriage that was subsisting at the time that the person went missing, the missing person or the person who was party to the marriage at the time that the missing person went missing may apply to the Grand Court for a declaration deeming the person to be a spouse for the purposes of the Matrimonial Causes Law (2005 Revision) in respect of whom a decree of divorce has been granted under that Law. (8) In making a declaration under subsection (7), the court may modify or restrict its effect in any way as, in its view, accords with the interests of justice. (9) A declaration under subsection (7) \u2014 (a) shall only apply from the date of any variation order granted under this section; and (b) shall not take effect until the time for making any appeal has ended or any appeal, or any further appeal, has been unsuccessful. (10) Other than in exceptional circumstances, an application for a declaration under subsection (7) shall be brought at the same time as an application for a variation order under subsection (1). (11) Other than in exceptional circumstances, an application for a variation order under subsection (1) cannot be made after the expiry of a period of seven years from the making of a presumption of death order. (12) For the purposes of subsection (6), an appeal has been unsuccessful if \u2014 (a) it has been dismissed or withdrawn; and (b) any period for bringing a further appeal has ended. Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020 PART 4 \u2013 FURTHER PROVISIONS ABOUT ORDERS\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_7\", \"num\": \"7.\", \"text\": \"Insurance against claims: trustees 7. (1) If the court so directs, the trustee of a trust affected by a presumption of death order shall as soon as reasonably practicable take out an insurance policy in respect of any claim which may arise by virtue of any order as to property further to the presumption of death order. (2) For the purposes of this section, a trust is affected by a presumption of death order if \u2014 (a) the trust arises as a result of the presumption of death order; or (b) property held under the trust is affected by the presumption of death order. (3) A premium payable by the trustee in accordance with a direction under this section may be paid out of money or other property held under the trust.\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_8\", \"num\": \"8.\", \"text\": \"Insurance against claims: insurers paying capital sums 8. (1) Where a presumption of death order has been made, the applicant shall, unless the court otherwise directs, as soon as practicable, effect a policy of insurance in respect of any claim which may arise by virtue of a variation order. (2) Any premium payable by the applicant in respect of a policy of insurance effected under subsection (1) shall be a proper charge on the estate of the missing person. (3) Where a presumption of death order has been made, an insurer may, before making payment of any capital sum, other than in respect of an annuity or other periodical payment, to any person as a result of such order, require that person to effect in that person\u2019s own name for the benefit of that insurer a policy of insurance to satisfy any claim which that insurer may establish in the event of a variation order being made.\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_9\", \"num\": \"9.\", \"text\": \"Notice of application 9. (1) Prior to making an order under section 4 or 6, the court shall require the applicant or the missing person to provide evidence, whether by way of affidavit or otherwise, that notice of the relevant application has been served on any person who may be affected by the making of the order. (2) The court shall not make an order under section 4 or 6 unless it is satisfied that the applicant or the missing person has complied with the requirements of subsection (1).\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_10\", \"num\": \"10.\", \"text\": \"Jurisdiction of courts and venue 10. (1) Subject to this section, the summary court shall, concurrently with the Grand Court, have jurisdiction to hear and determine proceedings under section 4. Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020 (2) The Grand Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine proceedings under section 6. (3) Where the market value of any land to which an application for a presumption of death order relates exceeds twenty thousand dollars, the summary court shall, if an application is made to it in that behalf by any person having an interest in the proceedings, transfer the proceedings to the Grand Court, but any declaration or decision made in the course of such proceedings before the transfer shall be valid unless discharged or varied by the Grand Court. (4) The summary court may hear and determine an application for a presumption of death order \u2014 (a) if the missing person was legally and ordinarily resident in the Islands or carried on any business, profession or occupation in the Islands before the person went missing; or (b) the applicant is legally and ordinarily resident in the Islands or carries on any profession, business or occupation in the Islands at the time an application is made for a presumption of death order. (5) Where the applicant is the Attorney General or other person acting on behalf of the Government as set out in section 3(e), jurisdiction under this section shall lie exclusively with the Grand Court. (6) Where the jurisdiction criteria set out in subsection (4) do not apply, the Grand Court shall have jurisdiction under this Law where \u2014 (a) the missing person was domiciled in the Islands before the person went missing; (b) the applicant is domiciled in the Islands at the time an application for a presumption of death order is made; or (c) the application relates to a missing person where that missing person is a victim of violence, or of domestic violence as defined by section 3 of the Protection from Domestic Violence Law, 2010. PART 5 \u2013 REGISTER OF PRESUMED DEATHS\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_11\", \"num\": \"11.\", \"text\": \"Register of Presumed Deaths 11. (1) The Registrar-General shall keep and maintain a register which is to be called the \u201cRegister of Presumed Deaths\u201d. (2) The Register of Presumed Deaths shall be kept and maintained in the Registry \u2014 (a) in such form as the Registrar-General considers appropriate; and (b) in accordance with the Schedule. Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020 PART 6 - GENERAL\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_12\", \"num\": \"12.\", \"text\": \"Regulations 12. (1) The Cabinet may make regulations prescribing all matters that are required or permitted by this Law to be prescribed, or are necessary to be prescribed for giving effect to the purposes of this Law. (2) Notwithstanding the generality of subsection (1) \u2014 (a) regulations made under this section may provide for such exceptions, limitations and conditions, and make such supplementary, incidental, consequential or transitional provisions as the Cabinet considers necessary; and (b) regulations prescribing matters that are required to be prescribed for the purposes of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the Schedule shall be made by the Cabinet, after consultation with the Registrar-General.\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_13\", \"num\": \"13.\", \"text\": \"Amendment of Schedule 13. The Cabinet may by Order amend the Schedule.\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_14\", \"num\": \"14.\", \"text\": \"Rules of Court 14. (1) The Rules Committee of the Grand Court may make such rules for giving effect to court proceedings and court matters under this Law as appears to the Rules Committee to be necessary. (2) The rules made under subsection (1) may, in particular, make provision \u2014 (a) with respect to the procedure to be followed in any relevant proceedings, including the manner in which any application is to be made or other proceedings commenced; (b) as to the persons entitled to participate in any relevant proceedings, whether as parties to the proceedings or by being given the opportunity to make representations to the court; (c) with respect to the documents and information to be furnished, and notices to be given, in connection with any relevant proceedings; and (d) for the service outside the Islands of any notice of proceedings in such circumstances and in such manner as may be prescribed by the rules. (3) For the purposes of this section, \u201crelevant proceedings\u201d means any application made, or proceedings brought, under this Law, and any part of such proceedings. (4) The power under this section to make Rules of Court are not to be construed as limiting any other power of the Rules Committee of the Grand Court. Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020\", \"element\": \"section\", \"heading\": null}, {\"eId\": \"sec_15\", \"num\": \"15.\", \"text\": \"Law binds the Crown 15. (1) Subject to subsection (2), this Law binds the Crown. (2) An application may not be made under this Law for a presumption of death order in respect of Her Majesty. Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 SCHEDULE Law 23 of 2020 SCHEDULE (section 11) Register of Presumed Deaths Entries in Register of Presumed Deaths 1. (1) Where an appeal is not brought against the making of a presumption of death order within the time allowed for appeal or an appeal against the making of a presumption of death order is brought and the appeal, or any further appeal, is unsuccessful, the court shall send to the Registrar-General \u2014 (a) a copy of the presumption of death order; and (b) any prescribed information. (2) On receipt of a copy of a presumption of death order in accordance with subparagraph (1), the Registrar-General shall \u2014 (a) make an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths containing the name of the missing person and such other information as may be prescribed in relation to that person\u2019s presumed death; (b) ensure that the entry made in the Register of Presumed Deaths is included in the index of the general register of deaths; and (c) make traceable the connection between the entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths and the index of the general register of deaths. Amendment and cancellation of entries in Register 2. (1) Where an appeal is not brought against the making of a variation order within the time allowed for appeal or an appeal against the making of a variation order is brought and the appeal, or any further appeal, is unsuccessful, the court shall send to the Registrar-General \u2014 (a) a copy of the variation order; and (b) any prescribed information. (2) Where the variation order varies a presumption of death order, on receipt of a copy of the variation order in accordance with sub-paragraph (1), the RegistrarGeneral shall \u2014 (a) amend the entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths in relation to the missing person; and (b) amend any entry relating to that person made in the index of the general register of deaths in accordance with paragraph 1(2)(b). SCHEDULE Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 Law 23 of 2020 (3) Where the variation order revokes a presumption of death order, on receipt of a copy of the variation order in accordance with sub-paragraph (1), the RegistrarGeneral shall \u2014 (a) cancel the entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths relating to the missing person; and (b) cancel any entry relating to that person made in the index of the general register of deaths in accordance with paragraph 1(2)(b). Inspection of the Register of Presumed Deaths and certified copies 3. (1) The Registrar-General shall make available for inspection by any person the Register of Presumed Deaths \u2014 (a) upon payment of the prescribed inspection fee for each inspection; and (b) subject to such conditions as the Registrar-General may impose. (2) The Registrar-General shall, subject to sub-paragraph (3) \u2014 (a) upon application in the prescribed form; and (b) upon payment of the prescribed fee, issue to a person a certified copy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths. (3) Where the Registrar-General has reasonable grounds to suspect that a certified copy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths may be used for an unlawful purpose, the Registrar-General may refuse to issue the certified copy. (4) Where the Registrar-General issues a certified copy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths, the certified copy shall be sealed or stamped with the seal of the Registry. (5) A certified copy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths shall not be of any force or effect unless it is sealed or stamped in accordance with subparagraph (4). (6) Section 60(4) of the Births and Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision) applies in relation to a certified copy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths as it applies in relation to a certified copy of an entry in a register under that Law. Proof of death 4. A certified copy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths in relation to a person shall be received as evidence of the person\u2019s death, without further or other proof, if it purports to be sealed or stamped in accordance with paragraph 3(4). Correction and annotation of Register of Presumed Deaths 5. (1) Where it appears to the Registrar-General that there is a clerical error in the Register of Presumed Deaths, the Registrar-General may authorise a person to correct the error. Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020 SCHEDULE Law 23 of 2020 (2) Where it appears to the court that there is an error in the Register of Presumed Deaths, the court may direct the Registrar-General to ensure that the error is corrected. (3) The Registrar-General may annotate, or cancel the annotation of, any entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths. (4) Where it appears to the Registrar-General that the death of a missing person to whom an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths relates \u2014 (a) has been registered in the general register of deaths made under the Births and Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision); or (b) has been recorded in a register kept or maintained under the law of a country or territory outside the Islands corresponding in nature to the register in sub-subparagraph (a), the Registrar-General shall annotate the relevant entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths accordingly. Interpretation 6. In this Schedule \u201cthe index of the general register of deaths\u201d means the index of the general register of deaths kept by the Registrar-General in the Registry in accordance with the Births and Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision). Passed by the Legislative Assembly the 20th day of May, 2020. Hon. 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2020\n(Law 23 of 2020)\nArrangement of Sections\nSection\nPage\nPART 1 - PRELIMINARY\n1.\nShort title and commencement ..................................................................................................5\n2.\nInterpretation .............................................................................................................................5\nPART 2 \u2013 PRESUMPTION OF DEATH ORDER\n3.\nPersons who may apply for presumption of death order .............................................................6\n4.\nPresumption of death order in respect of missing person ...........................................................6\n5.\nGeneral effects of presumption of death order ...........................................................................9\nPART 3 \u2013 VARIATION ORDER\n6.\nPersons who may apply for a variation order and consequences of return of missing\nperson .......................................................................................................................................9\nPART 4 \u2013 FURTHER PROVISIONS ABOUT ORDERS\n7.\nInsurance against claims: trustees ........................................................................................... 11\n8.\nInsurance against claims: insurers paying capital sums ........................................................... 11\n9.\nNotice of application ................................................................................................................ 11\n10.\nJurisdiction of courts and venue ............................................................................................... 11\n\nArrangement of Sections\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\n\nPage 4\nLaw 23 of 2020\nc\n\nPART 5 \u2013 REGISTER OF PRESUMED DEATHS\n11.\nRegister of Presumed Deaths .................................................................................................. 12\nPART 6 - GENERAL\n12.\nRegulations ............................................................................................................................. 13\n13.\nAmendment of Schedule.......................................................................................................... 13\n14.\nRules of Court.......................................................................................................................... 13\n15.\nLaw binds the Crown ............................................................................................................... 14\nSCHEDULE\n15\n\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\nSection 1\n\nc\nLaw 23 of 2020\nPage 5\n\nCAYMAN ISLANDS\n\nPRESUMPTION OF DEATH (ANNA EVANS)\nLAW, 2020\n(Law 23 of 2020)\nA LAW TO PROVIDE FOR THE CIVIL STATUS OF A MISSING PERSON WHERE THE\nCIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PERSON'S ABSENCE LEADS TO A PRESUMPTION OF\nDEATH; AND FOR INCIDENTAL AND CONNECTED PURPOSES\nENACTED by the Legislature of the Cayman Islands.\nPART 1 - PRELIMINARY\n1.\nShort title and commencement\n1.\n(1) This Law may be cited as the Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020.\n(2) This Law shall come into force on such date as may be appointed by Order made\nby the Cabinet and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of\nthis Law and in relation to different matters.\n2.\nInterpretation\n2.\nIn this Law \u2014\n\u201capplicant\u201d means a person who applies for a presumption of death order under\nsection 4(1);\n\u201ccourt\u201d shall be construed in accordance with section 10;\n\u201cmissing person\u201d means an individual whose existence has become uncertain;\n(Law 23 of 2020)\nI Assent,\nMartyn Roper\nGovernor\nDate: 25th day of May, 2020\n\nSection 3\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\n\nPage 6\nLaw 23 of 2020\nc\n\n\u201cpresumption of death order\u201d means an order made under section 4;\n\u201cRegistrar-General\u201d means the person appointed to that office under section 4\nof the Births and Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision);\n\u201cRegistry\u201d means the Registry of Births and Deaths established by section 3 of\nthe Births and Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision);\n\u201cRules of Court\u201d means the Rules of Court made under section 19 of the Grand\nCourt Law (2015 Revision) and under section 14 of this Law;\n\u201cspouse\u201d means a man who is married to a woman and vice versa;\n\u201ctrustee\u201d includes an executor, administrator or personal representative; and\n\u201cvariation order\u201d means an order made under section 6.\nPART 2 \u2013 PRESUMPTION OF DEATH ORDER\n3.\nPersons who may apply for presumption of death order\n3.\nAny of the following persons may apply for a presumption of death order \u2014\n(a)\nthe spouse of the missing person;\n(b) any other family member of the missing person, including a child,\ngrandchild, parent, grandparent, brother, sister, half-brother, half-sister,\nuncle, aunt, nephew or niece of the missing person;\n(c)\na person who is acting in loco parentis to the missing person;\n(d) a dependant of the missing person; or\n(e)\nany other person the court considers to have a sufficient interest in the\ndetermination of the application, including, where relevant, the Attorney\nGeneral or other person acting on behalf of the Government.\n4.\nPresumption of death order in respect of missing person\n4.\n(1) An applicant may, subject to the conditions in this section, apply for a\npresumption of death order in respect of a missing person.\n(2) An application for a presumption of death order shall be accompanied by an\naffidavit by the applicant which shall contain the following information \u2014\n(a)\nspecific evidence tending to indicate that the missing person is dead,\nincluding \u2014\n(i)\nthe circumstances surrounding the disappearance of the missing\nperson;\n(ii) absence of communication with persons who would be likely to hear\nfrom the missing person, including last known correspondence or\ncommunication; and\n(iii) the length of time since the disappearance;\n\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\nSection 4\n\nc\nLaw 23 of 2020\nPage 7\n\n(b) the date on which the missing person was last heard from by any person;\n(c)\nevidence of advertising for information concerning the whereabouts of the\nmissing person, including where relevant, evidence of using the internet\nand social media to obtain such information, unless there are exceptional\nreasons for not doing so, explained by the applicant;\n(d) where relevant and practicable, evidence from a search organisation that\nconfirms that attempts were made to locate the missing person but were\nfruitless;\n(e)\nthe full background relating to the disappearance of the missing person,\nincluding the missing person\u2019s age and physical and mental health;\n(f)\nwhere relevant and practicable, evidence of corroboration from a family\nmember of the missing person (if the applicant is not a family member);\n(g) where relevant, the next-of-kin entitled to distribution of the assets of the\nmissing person on the death of the missing person; and\n(h) a declaration by the applicant of the applicant\u2019s belief that the missing\nperson is dead.\n(3) A presumption of death order may be made by the court where the court is\nsatisfied that \u2014\n(a)\nthe missing person has not been known to be alive for a period of at least\nseven years; or\n(b) in respect of the missing person, the circumstances of the person having\ngone missing indicate that the person\u2019s death is \u2014\n(i)\nvirtually certain; or\n(ii) highly probable.\n(4) In determining whether a presumption of death order is to be made under this\nsection, the court shall take into account all the circumstances surrounding the\ndisappearance and absence of the missing person, including the following \u2014\n(a)\nthe time, location, and circumstances of the disappearance;\n(b) where relevant, the abandonment of valuable property;\n(c)\nwhere relevant and practicable, the extent and nature of postdisappearance searches;\n(d) the presence or absence of a motive for the missing person to remain alive\nbut disappear;\n(e)\nwhere relevant, evidence suggesting that the disappearance was a\nconsequence of foul play;\n(f)\nwhere relevant, the time between a life assurance policy being obtained on\nthe life of the missing person and the missing person\u2019s disappearance; and\n(g) where relevant, any prior history of fraud involving the missing person.\n\nSection 4\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\n\nPage 8\nLaw 23 of 2020\nc\n\n(5) Without prejudice to the rebuttable presumption in subsection (6), and subject\nto the requirements of this section, an application for a presumption of death\norder may be made \u2014\n(a)\nwhere the application is to the effect that where, by reason of absence from\nthe Islands or otherwise, it remains uncertain for a period of at least seven\nyears as to whether a missing person is alive;\n(b) where the application is to the effect that death is virtually certain, at any\ntime after a person has gone missing and such application shall not be\nsubject to a minimum waiting period; or\n(c)\nwhere the application is to the effect that death is highly probable, no\nearlier than one year after the person has gone missing.\n(6) Where, by reason of absence from the Islands or otherwise, it remains uncertain\nfor a period of at least seven years as to whether a missing person is alive, it\nshall continue to be presumed that the person is dead.\n(7) Where the court makes a presumption of death order and is satisfied that the\nmissing person has died on a specific date, the presumption of death order shall\ninclude a finding as to the date and time of death.\n(8) Where the court makes a presumption of death order but is uncertain when,\nwithin any period of time, the missing person died, the presumption of death\norder shall provide that the missing person died at the end of that period.\n(9) Where the court makes a presumption of death order and is satisfied that the\nmissing person has not been known to be alive for a period of at least seven\nyears, the presumption of death order shall include a finding that the missing\nperson died at the end of the day occurring seven years after the date on which\nthe missing person was last known to be alive.\n(10) An applicant may \u2014\n(a)\nin the case of proceedings determined by the summary court, appeal to the\nGrand Court; and\n(b) in the case of proceedings determined by the Grand Court, appeal to the\nCourt of Appeal,\nin accordance with Rules of Court against a presumption of death order within\ntwenty-one days after the making of the order or such longer period as may be\nprovided by Rules of Court.\n(11) Subsections (7), (8) and (9) and section 5 shall apply only if \u2014\n(a)\nthere has been no appeal against the presumption of death order and the\nperiod for bringing an appeal has ended; or\n(b) there has been an appeal against the presumption of death order and the\nappeal, and any further appeal, has been unsuccessful.\n(12) For the purposes of subsection (11), an appeal has been unsuccessful if \u2014\n\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\nSection 5\n\nc\nLaw 23 of 2020\nPage 9\n\n(a)\nit has been dismissed or withdrawn; and\n(b) any period for bringing a further appeal has ended.\n5.\nGeneral effects of presumption of death order\n5.\n(1) Subject to section 4(11), a presumption of death order has the same effect in law\nas arises from the registration of a death under the Births and Deaths\nRegistration Law (2007 Revision).\n(2) A presumption of death order has the effect of ending a marriage to which the\nmissing person is a party.\n(3) A presumption of death order is effective against all persons and for all\npurposes, including for the purposes of the acquisition of an interest in any\nproperty.\nPART 3 \u2013 VARIATION ORDER\n6.\nPersons who may apply for a variation order and consequences of return of\nmissing person\n6.\n(1) The following persons may apply to the Grand Court for a variation order,\nrevoking or varying the effects of a presumption of death order \u2014\n(a)\na missing person in respect of whom a presumption of death order has been\nmade; or\n(b) an applicant.\n(2) Subject to this section \u2014\n(a)\na variation order shall not have any effect on rights to, or in, any property\nacquired as a result of a presumption of death order; and\n(b) a variation order shall not revive a marriage that was brought to an end by\nvirtue of a presumption of death order.\n(3) The Grand Court shall, when making a variation order, make such further order,\nif any, in relation to any rights to, or in, any property acquired as a result of a\npresumption of death order as it considers reasonable in all the circumstances.\n(4) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (3) \u2014\n(a)\na variation order shall have no effect on any income accrued between the\ntime of the making of a presumption of death order and the variation order;\nand\n(b) where a third party acquires rights to, or in, the property of the missing\nperson, in good faith and for value, the missing person who has returned\nmay not bring a claim for the property against the third party.\n(5) Subject to subsection (6) and except as otherwise required by subsection (2) \u2014\n\nSection 6\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\n\nPage 10\nLaw 23 of 2020\nc\n\n(a)\nwhere a variation order varies a presumption of death order, section 5 shall\nhave effect in relation to the presumption of death order as varied by the\nvariation order; and\n(b) where a variation order revokes a presumption of death order, section 5\nshall cease to have effect in relation to the presumption of death order.\n(6) An applicant or the missing person who has returned may appeal to the Court of\nAppeal in accordance with the Rules of Court against a variation order within\ntwenty-one days after the grant of the variation order or such longer period as\nmay be provided by the Rules of Court and subsection (5) shall apply only if \u2014\n(a)\nthere has been no appeal against the variation order and the period for\nbringing an appeal has ended; or\n(b) there has been an appeal against the variation order and the appeal, and\nany further appeal, has been unsuccessful.\n(7) Notwithstanding section 5(2), where a presumption of death order has been\nmade in respect of a missing person who was in a marriage that was subsisting\nat the time that the person went missing, the missing person or the person who\nwas party to the marriage at the time that the missing person went missing may\napply to the Grand Court for a declaration deeming the person to be a spouse\nfor the purposes of the Matrimonial Causes Law (2005 Revision) in respect of\nwhom a decree of divorce has been granted under that Law.\n(8) In making a declaration under subsection (7), the court may modify or restrict\nits effect in any way as, in its view, accords with the interests of justice.\n(9) A declaration under subsection (7) \u2014\n(a)\nshall only apply from the date of any variation order granted under this\nsection; and\n(b) shall not take effect until the time for making any appeal has ended or any\nappeal, or any further appeal, has been unsuccessful.\n(10) Other than in exceptional circumstances, an application for a declaration under\nsubsection (7) shall be brought at the same time as an application for a variation\norder under subsection (1).\n(11) Other than in exceptional circumstances, an application for a variation order\nunder subsection (1) cannot be made after the expiry of a period of seven years\nfrom the making of a presumption of death order.\n(12) For the purposes of subsection (6), an appeal has been unsuccessful if \u2014\n(a)\nit has been dismissed or withdrawn; and\n(b) any period for bringing a further appeal has ended.\n\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\nSection 7\n\nc\nLaw 23 of 2020\nPage 11\n\nPART 4 \u2013 FURTHER PROVISIONS ABOUT ORDERS\n7.\nInsurance against claims: trustees\n7.\n(1) If the court so directs, the trustee of a trust affected by a presumption of death\norder shall as soon as reasonably practicable take out an insurance policy in\nrespect of any claim which may arise by virtue of any order as to property further\nto the presumption of death order.\n(2) For the purposes of this section, a trust is affected by a presumption of death\norder if \u2014\n(a)\nthe trust arises as a result of the presumption of death order; or\n(b) property held under the trust is affected by the presumption of death order.\n(3) A premium payable by the trustee in accordance with a direction under this\nsection may be paid out of money or other property held under the trust.\n8.\nInsurance against claims: insurers paying capital sums\n8.\n(1) Where a presumption of death order has been made, the applicant shall, unless\nthe court otherwise directs, as soon as practicable, effect a policy of insurance\nin respect of any claim which may arise by virtue of a variation order.\n(2) Any premium payable by the applicant in respect of a policy of insurance\neffected under subsection (1) shall be a proper charge on the estate of the\nmissing person.\n(3) Where a presumption of death order has been made, an insurer may, before\nmaking payment of any capital sum, other than in respect of an annuity or other\nperiodical payment, to any person as a result of such order, require that person\nto effect in that person\u2019s own name for the benefit of that insurer a policy of\ninsurance to satisfy any claim which that insurer may establish in the event of a\nvariation order being made.\n9.\nNotice of application\n9.\n(1) Prior to making an order under section 4 or 6, the court shall require the\napplicant or the missing person to provide evidence, whether by way of affidavit\nor otherwise, that notice of the relevant application has been served on any\nperson who may be affected by the making of the order.\n(2) The court shall not make an order under section 4 or 6 unless it is satisfied that\nthe applicant or the missing person has complied with the requirements of\nsubsection (1).\n10.\nJurisdiction of courts and venue\n10. (1) Subject to this section, the summary court shall, concurrently with the Grand\nCourt, have jurisdiction to hear and determine proceedings under section 4.\n\nSection 11\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\n\nPage 12\nLaw 23 of 2020\nc\n\n(2) The Grand Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine\nproceedings under section 6.\n(3) Where the market value of any land to which an application for a presumption\nof death order relates exceeds twenty thousand dollars, the summary court shall,\nif an application is made to it in that behalf by any person having an interest in\nthe proceedings, transfer the proceedings to the Grand Court, but any declaration\nor decision made in the course of such proceedings before the transfer shall be\nvalid unless discharged or varied by the Grand Court.\n(4) The summary court may hear and determine an application for a presumption of\ndeath order \u2014\n(a)\nif the missing person was legally and ordinarily resident in the Islands or\ncarried on any business, profession or occupation in the Islands before the\nperson went missing; or\n(b) the applicant is legally and ordinarily resident in the Islands or carries on\nany profession, business or occupation in the Islands at the time an\napplication is made for a presumption of death order.\n(5) Where the applicant is the Attorney General or other person acting on behalf of\nthe Government as set out in section 3(e), jurisdiction under this section shall\nlie exclusively with the Grand Court.\n(6) Where the jurisdiction criteria set out in subsection (4) do not apply, the Grand\nCourt shall have jurisdiction under this Law where \u2014\n(a)\nthe missing person was domiciled in the Islands before the person went\nmissing;\n(b) the applicant is domiciled in the Islands at the time an application for a\npresumption of death order is made; or\n(c)\nthe application relates to a missing person where that missing person is a\nvictim of violence, or of domestic violence as defined by section 3 of the\nProtection from Domestic Violence Law, 2010.\nPART 5 \u2013 REGISTER OF PRESUMED DEATHS\n11.\nRegister of Presumed Deaths\n11. (1) The Registrar-General shall keep and maintain a register which is to be called\nthe \u201cRegister of Presumed Deaths\u201d.\n(2) The Register of Presumed Deaths shall be kept and maintained in the\nRegistry \u2014\n(a)\nin such form as the Registrar-General considers appropriate; and\n(b) in accordance with the Schedule.\n\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\nSection 12\n\nc\nLaw 23 of 2020\nPage 13\n\nPART 6 - GENERAL\n12.\nRegulations\n12. (1) The Cabinet may make regulations prescribing all matters that are required or\npermitted by this Law to be prescribed, or are necessary to be prescribed for\ngiving effect to the purposes of this Law.\n(2) Notwithstanding the generality of subsection (1) \u2014\n(a)\nregulations made under this section may provide for such exceptions,\nlimitations and conditions, and make such supplementary, incidental,\nconsequential or transitional provisions as the Cabinet considers\nnecessary; and\n(b) regulations prescribing matters that are required to be prescribed for the\npurposes of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the Schedule shall be made by the\nCabinet, after consultation with the Registrar-General.\n13.\nAmendment of Schedule\n13. The Cabinet may by Order amend the Schedule.\n14.\nRules of Court\n14. (1) The Rules Committee of the Grand Court may make such rules for giving effect\nto court proceedings and court matters under this Law as appears to the Rules\nCommittee to be necessary.\n(2) The rules made under subsection (1) may, in particular, make provision \u2014\n(a)\nwith respect to the procedure to be followed in any relevant proceedings,\nincluding the manner in which any application is to be made or other\nproceedings commenced;\n(b) as to the persons entitled to participate in any relevant proceedings,\nwhether as parties to the proceedings or by being given the opportunity to\nmake representations to the court;\n(c)\nwith respect to the documents and information to be furnished, and notices\nto be given, in connection with any relevant proceedings; and\n(d) for the service outside the Islands of any notice of proceedings in such\ncircumstances and in such manner as may be prescribed by the rules.\n(3) For the purposes of this section, \u201crelevant proceedings\u201d means any application\nmade, or proceedings brought, under this Law, and any part of such proceedings.\n(4) The power under this section to make Rules of Court are not to be construed as\nlimiting any other power of the Rules Committee of the Grand Court.\n\nSection 15\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\n\nPage 14\nLaw 23 of 2020\nc\n\n15.\nLaw binds the Crown\n15. (1) Subject to subsection (2), this Law binds the Crown.\n(2) An application may not be made under this Law for a presumption of death order\nin respect of Her Majesty.\n\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\n\nSCHEDULE\n\nc\nLaw 23 of 2020\nPage 15\n\n SCHEDULE\n(section 11)\nRegister of Presumed Deaths\nEntries in Register of Presumed Deaths\n1.\n(1) Where an appeal is not brought against the making of a presumption of death\norder within the time allowed for appeal or an appeal against the making of a\npresumption of death order is brought and the appeal, or any further appeal, is\nunsuccessful, the court shall send to the Registrar-General \u2014\n(a)\na copy of the presumption of death order; and\n(b) any prescribed information.\n(2) On receipt of a copy of a presumption of death order in accordance with subparagraph (1), the Registrar-General shall \u2014\n(a)\nmake an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths containing the name of\nthe missing person and such other information as may be prescribed in\nrelation to that person\u2019s presumed death;\n(b) ensure that the entry made in the Register of Presumed Deaths is included\nin the index of the general register of deaths; and\n(c)\nmake traceable the connection between the entry in the Register of\nPresumed Deaths and the index of the general register of deaths.\nAmendment and cancellation of entries in Register\n2.\n(1) Where an appeal is not brought against the making of a variation order within\nthe time allowed for appeal or an appeal against the making of a variation order\nis brought and the appeal, or any further appeal, is unsuccessful, the court shall\nsend to the Registrar-General \u2014\n(a)\na copy of the variation order; and\n(b) any prescribed information.\n(2) Where the variation order varies a presumption of death order, on receipt of a\ncopy of the variation order in accordance with sub-paragraph (1), the RegistrarGeneral shall \u2014\n(a)\namend the entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths in relation to the\nmissing person; and\n(b) amend any entry relating to that person made in the index of the general\nregister of deaths in accordance with paragraph 1(2)(b).\n\nSCHEDULE\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\n\nPage 16\nLaw 23 of 2020\nc\n\n(3) Where the variation order revokes a presumption of death order, on receipt of a\ncopy of the variation order in accordance with sub-paragraph (1), the RegistrarGeneral shall \u2014\n(a)\ncancel the entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths relating to the missing\nperson; and\n(b) cancel any entry relating to that person made in the index of the general\nregister of deaths in accordance with paragraph 1(2)(b).\nInspection of the Register of Presumed Deaths and certified copies\n3.\n(1) The Registrar-General shall make available for inspection by any person the\nRegister of Presumed Deaths \u2014\n(a)\nupon payment of the prescribed inspection fee for each inspection; and\n(b) subject to such conditions as the Registrar-General may impose.\n(2) The Registrar-General shall, subject to sub-paragraph (3) \u2014\n(a)\nupon application in the prescribed form; and\n(b) upon payment of the prescribed fee,\nissue to a person a certified copy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths.\n(3) Where the Registrar-General has reasonable grounds to suspect that a certified\ncopy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths may be used for an unlawful\npurpose, the Registrar-General may refuse to issue the certified copy.\n(4) Where the Registrar-General issues a certified copy of an entry in the Register\nof Presumed Deaths, the certified copy shall be sealed or stamped with the seal\nof the Registry.\n(5) A certified copy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths shall not be of\nany force or effect unless it is sealed or stamped in accordance with subparagraph (4).\n(6) Section 60(4) of the Births and Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision) applies\nin relation to a certified copy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths as\nit applies in relation to a certified copy of an entry in a register under that Law.\nProof of death\n4.\nA certified copy of an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths in relation to a person\nshall be received as evidence of the person\u2019s death, without further or other proof, if\nit purports to be sealed or stamped in accordance with paragraph 3(4).\nCorrection and annotation of Register of Presumed Deaths\n5.\n(1) Where it appears to the Registrar-General that there is a clerical error in the\nRegister of Presumed Deaths, the Registrar-General may authorise a person to\ncorrect the error.\n\nPresumption of Death (Anna Evans) Law, 2020\n\nSCHEDULE\n\nc\nLaw 23 of 2020\nPage 17\n\n(2) Where it appears to the court that there is an error in the Register of Presumed\nDeaths, the court may direct the Registrar-General to ensure that the error is\ncorrected.\n(3) The Registrar-General may annotate, or cancel the annotation of, any entry in\nthe Register of Presumed Deaths.\n(4) Where it appears to the Registrar-General that the death of a missing person to\nwhom an entry in the Register of Presumed Deaths relates \u2014\n(a)\nhas been registered in the general register of deaths made under the Births\nand Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision); or\n(b) has been recorded in a register kept or maintained under the law of a\ncountry or territory outside the Islands corresponding in nature to the\nregister in sub-subparagraph (a),\nthe Registrar-General shall annotate the relevant entry in the Register of\nPresumed Deaths accordingly.\nInterpretation\n6.\nIn this Schedule \u201cthe index of the general register of deaths\u201d means the index of\nthe general register of deaths kept by the Registrar-General in the Registry in\naccordance with the Births and Deaths Registration Law (2007 Revision).\n\nPassed by the Legislative Assembly the 20th day of May, 2020.\nHon. Barbara Conolly\nDeputy Speaker\nZena Merren-Chin\nClerk of the Legislative Assembly","akn_extracted_at":"2026-06-22 15:36:51.658192+00","cms_id":"2020-0023","law_type":"principal","year":"2020","number":"23","title":"Presumption of Death (Anna Evans) Act","status":"in_force"},"provenance":{"files":[{"file_id":"5243","expr_id":"338","kind":"akn_xml","filename":"2020-0023_Act 23 of 2020.akn.xml","source_url":null,"storage_path":"\/Users\/q\/kyleg-data\/working\/PRINCIPAL\/2020\/2020-0023\/2020-0023_Act 23 of 2020.akn.xml","content_md5":"d6f8a74d1cfe84bde2755b935aa38e95","byte_size":"29935","http_last_modified":null,"fetched_at":"2026-06-22 15:36:52.000118+00"},{"file_id":"675","expr_id":"338","kind":"pristine_pdf","filename":"2020-0023_Act 23 of 2020.pdf","source_url":"\/cms\/images\/LEGISLATION\/PRINCIPAL\/2020\/2020-0023\/2020-0023_Act 23 of 2020.pdf","storage_path":"\/Users\/q\/kyleg-data\/pristine\/PRINCIPAL\/2020\/2020-0023\/2020-0023_Act 23 of 2020.pdf","content_md5":"4057017b077958939f1a536bfb347aac","byte_size":"733744","http_last_modified":null,"fetched_at":"2026-06-21 23:09:37.645315+00"},{"file_id":"676","expr_id":"338","kind":"working_pdf","filename":"2020-0023_Act 23 of 2020.pdf","source_url":"\/cms\/images\/LEGISLATION\/PRINCIPAL\/2020\/2020-0023\/2020-0023_Act 23 of 2020.pdf","storage_path":"\/Users\/q\/kyleg-data\/working\/PRINCIPAL\/2020\/2020-0023\/2020-0023_Act 23 of 2020.pdf","content_md5":"4057017b077958939f1a536bfb347aac","byte_size":"733744","http_last_modified":null,"fetched_at":"2026-06-21 23:09:37.645315+00"}],"paragraph_count":7,"latest_history":null},"quality":{"expr_id":"338","doc_id":"338","quality_state":"needs_review","quality_score":"84","needs_human_review":"t","deterministic_categories":"{duplicate_text,page_header_footer_noise}","llm_categories":"{truncated_text,other}","repair_actions":"{collapse_duplicate_text,manual_review,reextract_full_text,strip_page_furniture}","finding_severity_counts":"{\"low\": 1, \"medium\": 1}","finding_summary":"Sample shows likely truncation at the end of Section\u202f4 and inconsistent internal paragraph numbering that may need review.","assessed_at":"2026-06-22 15:29:45.238626+00","updated_at":"2026-06-22 15:29:45.238626+00"}}